Crypto Exchange & Brokerage Licensing

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Nikolas Kairis

Senior Partner - Financial Markets and Digital Assets ( USA, Greece, Germany, Cyprus, UAE)

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Fahad Al Howdari

Principal Advocate - Litigation (UAE)

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Ghassan Makki

Founder and Managing Partner - Financial Markets and Digital Assets

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Table of Contents

How to Obtain a Crypto License in the UAE.

In the United Arab Emirates, the cryptocurrency sector is regulated by multiple authorities to ensure a secure and compliant environment for virtual assets.

 

Obtaining a crypto license in the UAE involves understanding federal and local regulations, choosing the right licensing zone, meeting strict compliance requirements, and navigating an application process that can be complex. Below, we use a Q&A format to address common questions about getting a crypto license in UAE, covering regulatory bodies, license options in different emirates and free zones, application steps, compliance needs, pitfalls to avoid, and how Hoot Innovation Hub can support you through the process.

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What Federal Regulatory Bodies Oversee Crypto in the UAE?

The UAE’s crypto industry is governed at the federal level by two main regulators:

 

 

  • Securities and Commodities Authority (SCA) – The SCA is the UAE’s primary federal financial regulator, overseeing securities, commodities, and since 2023, virtual assets across the UAE (except certain free zones and Dubai). Under Cabinet Decision No. 111 of 2022, the SCA was empowered as the federal regulator for virtual asset service providers (VASPs), meaning most crypto businesses in “onshore” UAE require an SCA license or approval. Notably, SCA regulation does not directly cover Dubai (which has its own authority, VARA) or the financial free zones of ADGM and DIFC, which have independent regimes.
  • Central Bank of the UAE (CBUAE) – The Central Bank plays a role for specific crypto-related areas, particularly stablecoins and payments. For example, stablecoins backed by the UAE Dirham fall under CBUAE oversight as “stored value” or payment tokens. The Central Bank ensures any fiat-to-crypto exchange services and digital payment mechanisms comply with financial security and anti-money laundering (AML) standards. So, if a crypto business deals with payment tokens or handles money transfer aspects, the CBUAE’s regulations (such as Stored Value Facilities and payment service provider rules) may apply.



These regulators work in tandem. The SCA focuses on investment, trading, and exchange aspects of crypto, while the Central Bank ensures monetary stability and AML compliance for crypto-fiat interactions. In September 2024, the SCA even signed a cooperation agreement with Dubai’s VARA to harmonize oversight, reflecting the UAE’s commitment to unified regulatory standards.

What Crypto Licensing Options Exist in Different Emirates and Free Zones?

The UAE offers several crypto license frameworks across its jurisdictions, each with its own regulator and scope:

 

  • Dubai – VARA (Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority): Dubai established VARA in 2022 as the world’s first dedicated virtual asset regulator, overseeing crypto activities in Dubai (mainland and most free zones, excluding DIFC). Any crypto business operating in Dubai must obtain a VARA license under Dubai’s Virtual Assets law (Law No. 4 of 2022) and comply with VARA’s rulebooks. VARA regulates exchanges, custodians, brokers, and all VASPs in Dubai. Notably, VARA’s jurisdiction is local to Dubai, so Dubai- based VASPs need dual approval – a VARA license and SCA approval for federal scope (more on this dual licensing below). Dubai’s VARA has attracted many crypto firms due to its clear framework and ambition to make Dubai a global crypto hub.
  • Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM – FSRA): ADGM is a financial free zone in Abu Dhabi with its own laws and regulator, the Financial Services Regulatory Authority (FSRA). ADGM was ahead of the curve, launching a comprehensive crypto asset regulatory framework in 2018. Crypto exchanges, custodians, brokers, and investment managers can get licensed through an FSRA Financial Services Permission (FSP) for digital assets. ADGM’s framework is known for its rigor – companies must meet capital adequacy, governance, AML/KYC, and technology standards similar to traditional financial institutions. An ADGM crypto license lets you operate within ADGM’s jurisdiction (and serve institutional clients globally), but activities outside ADGM in the UAE would still need SCA or VARA approvals.
  • Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC – DFSA): DIFC is another financial free zone (in Dubai) with an independent regulator, the Dubai Financial Services Authority (DFSA). The DFSA initially took a cautious approach to crypto but now has a Digital Assets regime (since 2022) for what it terms “Crypto Tokens”. The DFSA’s regime allows certain tokens (it maintains an “Official List” of recognized crypto tokens like BTC, ETH, LTC) and requires crypto-related firms in DIFC to obtain endorsement under its financial services license. DIFC’s crypto license is mainly for activities within DIFC; it’s suitable for companies focusing on fintech innovation and serving sophisticated investors. DIFC does not fall under VARA, so a firm in DIFC is regulated by DFSA and not by VARA.
  • Dubai Multi Commodities Centre (DMCC): DMCC is a large free zone in Dubai that, while not a financial free zone, launched the DMCC Crypto Centre to host blockchain and crypto businesses. Through a 2021 MoU with the SCA, DMCC offers crypto asset licenses for proprietary trading
    (investment in crypto with company’s own funds) and other crypto services. The SCA approves crypto businesses setting up in DMCC and regulates their activities in line with SCA’s federal rules. For example, a company can get a DMCC commercial license with a crypto activity endorsement, and SCA will supervise that the company only engages in
    approved activities (like crypto proprietary trading). Note: DMCC’s license doesn’t cover operating a public exchange – it’s more for proprietary trading or blockchain tech development. DMCC also permits NFT trading licenses.
    The appeal of DMCC is a fast-tracked setup with free zone benefits and SCA oversight providing credibility.
  • Other Emirates and Free Zones: Several other free zones are entering the crypto space:
  • Ras Al Khaimah – RAK Digital Assets Oasis (RAK DAO): A new free zone (announced in 2023) focused exclusively on digital asset companies and even providing a legal structure for DAOs (decentralized autonomous organizations). RAK DAO is under RAKEZ and will likely involve SCA for oversight.
  • Sharjah, Fujairah, etc.: Some free zones (like IFZA in Dubai, though technically Fujairah-originated, and SHAMS in Sharjah) have shown openness to crypto-related businesses under SCA’s purview. However, these may be limited to ancillary services (e.g., blockchain consulting) unless SCA-approved.
  • Mainland UAE: A mainland company (outside free zones) engaging in crypto must be licensed by SCA (since VARA covers only Dubai). Currently, onshore UAE crypto exchanges or brokerages must go through SCA’s licensing process. Mainland licensing is less common
    for crypto startups due to the preference for free zones, but it’s required for certain activities like crypto ATMs or any business dealing
    directly with the UAE public outside free zones.



In summary, the UAE offers multiple crypto licensing avenues – VARA in Dubai, FSRA in ADGM, DFSA in DIFC, SCA-supervised licenses in other free zones like DMCC, and direct SCA licensing onshore. Each has its pros and cons, so businesses often choose based on their location, target market (Dubai vs Abu Dhabi vs broader UAE), and the nature of services (retail exchange vs institutional custody, etc.).

How Do I Apply for a Crypto License in the UAE? (Steps to Get Licensed)

Obtaining a crypto license in the UAE involves a multi-step process that can vary slightly by jurisdiction, but generally includes the following key steps:

 

 

  1. Determine the Jurisdiction and License Type – First, decide where you want to base your crypto business: Dubai (VARA license), ADGM (FSRA license), DIFC (DFSA approval), or another free zone (e.g., DMCC) or mainland (SCA license). This decision depends on your business model and target customers. For instance, if you plan to serve Dubai’s market, you’d likely go with a VARA license in Dubai; if you want an international financial
    center with common law courts, ADGM or DIFC might be chosen. Choosing the right setup at the start is crucial – Hoot Innovation Hub can advise on which jurisdiction aligns best with your strategy.

  2. Incorporate a Legal Entity – You will need to register a company in the chosen jurisdiction. Every regulator requires the applicant to be a locally incorporated entity (or branch in some cases). For example, ADGM and DIFC require a company incorporated in their free zone; VARA requires a UAE trade license (free zone or mainland) in Dubai. This step involves reserving a company name, preparing incorporation documents, and leasing an office (physical presence is generally required).

  3. Prepare Documentation & Initial Approvals – Compile a comprehensive business plan and compliance documentation. All regulators will ask for:

    • Business Plan & Model – Explaining your crypto activities (exchange, brokerage, custody, etc.), target market, revenue model, and technology to be used.

    • Management and Ownership Details – Passports, CVs, and background of founders, directors, and senior management. Expect to provide police clearance or attestations to show good conduct.

    • KYC/AML Policies – Written procedures for anti-money laundering (AML) and know-your-customer compliance, aligned with UAE and FATF standards.

    • Risk Management and Security Policies – How you will secure customer assets (custody solutions, cold storage), cybersecurity measures, and plans to handle operational risks.

    • Financials – Initial capital and six-month financial projections; proof of funds to meet capital requirements (e.g. bank statements showing you have the required capital).

    • Clean Crypto Wallet Record – Some free zones (like DMCC) ask for a declaration of no illicit crypto history, meaning you should demonstrate that funds or wallets associated with founders have no suspicious transactions.



Often there is an initial approval stage: e.g., for VARA, one first submits a preliminary application to obtain a provisional approval (NOC). VARA and SCA will conduct due diligence on shareholders and examine the business plan in detail before giving a green light. This due diligence phase can take several weeks and may involve clarifications or interviews.

 

 

4. Submit the License Application – Once preliminary approvals or NOCs are in hand, proceed to the formal license application. This entails filling out the
regulator’s application forms and paying the required fees. Each regulator has specific forms – for example, SCA has a VASP license application form; VARA has online forms for its FMP (Full Market Product) license regime. At this stage, you submit all finalized documents. For free zones like DMCC, this
might coincide with finalizing the company incorporation and paying the license issuance fee. Regulators may issue an in-principle approval first, then a final license after conditions (like capital infusion) are met.

 

5. Receive License and Start Operations – Upon approval, you will receive the crypto license or financial services permission. Before going operational, you may need to satisfy some post-approval steps:

    • Capital Deposit – Inject the required paid-up capital into the company bank account (amount varies: e.g., SCA requires up to AED 5 million for certain activities, VARA ~AED 600k for broker-dealer).

    • Personnel Hiring – Appoint mandated roles such as a Compliance Officer and Money Laundering Reporting Officer (MLRO) as required by the regulator.

    • Systems Testing – Some regulators might want to inspect your trading platform or wallet system before you go live to ensure it meets security and reporting standards.

    • Ongoing Compliance Setup – Register for regulatory reporting systems, prepare client agreement templates, and ensure all internal controls are in place.

 

Once these are done, you can officially commence the licensed crypto activities. The entire process timeline can range from a few weeks in a friendly free zone to 3-6 months or more for SCA/VARA licenses, given the rigorous checks. For example, VARA’s full licensing process is estimated around 10–17 weeks from initial consultation to final license issuance under its current regime , whereas SCA’s process could be longer due to extensive scrutiny.

 

Tip: Engaging experienced consultants (like Hoot’s legal team) at the start can streamline preparation of documents and communication with the regulator, potentially speeding up approval.



 

 

What Compliance and Operational Requirements Must Be Met?

Crypto license holders in the UAE must adhere to strict compliance and operational standards. The regulators aim to ensure that licensed crypto firms operate as safely as traditional finance institutions. Key requirements include:

 

  • Capital Adequacy: You must maintain a minimum level of paid-up capital and liquid funds. The required capital depends on the activity and regulator. For instance, under SCA rules:
  • A crypto exchange (platform operator) needs at least AED 1 million in paid-up capital plus reserves equal to 6 months of expenses.
  • A custodian must have AED 4 million capital.
  • A broker-dealer under VARA, in contrast, may need around AED 600,000 capital (reduced to 400k if using a VARA-regulated
    custodian). These figures show SCA’s capital bar can be significantly higher than VARA’s.
  • Local Presence and Staffing: All frameworks require some physical presence and local staff. At minimum, a UAE resident manager or compliance officer is typically required. ADGM and DIFC firms often need a certain number of employees in their office. You’ll also need to rent office space as per free zone rules.
  • Governance and Policies: Strong internal governance is mandatory. Regulators expect documented policies for risk management, cybersecurity, data protection, and governance. For example, you must have procedures to protect client assets, conduct regular audits, and manage conflicts of interest. Data protection laws (like UAE’s PDPL) also apply – client personal data must be secured and not misused.
  • AML/KYC Compliance: Perhaps the most critical area – crypto businesses must implement rigorous AML and KYC procedures in line with UAE law and FATF standards. This means verifying customer identities, monitoring transactions for suspicious activity, keeping records, and filing reports to the UAE’s FIU for any suspicious transactions. Transactions with anonymous or high-risk counterparties are prohibited or discouraged. Regulators like VARA and SCA will inspect your AML systems; non-compliance can lead to heavy fines (VARA can levy fines from AED 100k up to AED 5 million for AML violations).
  • Cybersecurity and Systems: Given the digital nature of crypto, regulators impose technology risk requirements. You must have secure IT systems, perform regular penetration testing, ensure cold storage for the bulk of crypto assets, multi-factor authentication for systems access, and an incident response plan for hacks. Both VARA and FSRA have detailed tech risk guidelines, and system audits may be required.
  • Reporting and Audit: Licensed crypto firms will have ongoing obligations like periodic financial reporting, notifying the regulator of any major changes or incidents, and possibly submitting to routine inspections. Annual audited financial statements must be filed. Transaction reporting may also be mandated – SCA, for example, expects reports on trades to monitor market abuse.
  • Client Asset Protection: If you hold or manage client crypto assets or fiat, you typically must follow strict custody rules. This can include segregating client assets from company funds, undergoing quarterly reconciliations, and perhaps obtaining insurance to cover theft or loss. For instance, SCA requires VASPs to ensure the safety and integrity of client funds and suggests insurance or equivalent safeguards for peace of mind.
  • Accepted Cryptos Only: Some regulators maintain a list of approved virtual assets that can be dealt with. SCA’s rules indicate that only VAs registered with SCA and on its official list can be traded by a licensed exchange. DFSA similarly has a list of recognized tokens. This means a licensed exchange can’t just list any new coin without regulatory clearance.
  • Consumer Protection and Disclosures: Marketing of crypto services must be factual and not misleading. Firms are required to provide risk disclosures to customers (e.g., “cryptocurrency investments are volatile and you can lose all funds”). Contracts with customers should be clear on the terms of service and liabilities.



These compliance requirements might sound daunting – and they are indeed rigorous – but they ensure any licensed crypto business in the UAE operates to high standards of integrity. The regulators’ goal is to prevent fraud, protect investors, and avoid incidents that could harm the market’s reputation. Hoot Innovation Hub’s legal team can assist in drafting the necessary policies and

setting up compliance programs so that you meet all these requirements from day one.

What Are the Challenges and Common Pitfalls in the Application Process?

While the UAE is very welcoming to crypto businesses, the licensing journey is not without challenges. Common pitfalls and challenges include:

 

  • Regulatory Complexity & Updates: The UAE’s crypto regulations are evolving. Navigating the “maze of acronyms” – SCA, VARA, FSRA, DFSA – can be confusing. A frequent pitfall is not understanding overlapping jurisdictions. For example, a startup might assume a VARA license alone suffices for Dubai, not realizing SCA approval is also needed for broader UAE operations. Regulations are updated frequently (e.g., new VARA rulebooks in 2023, SCA guidelines in 2024), so staying up-to-date is crucial. Consulting with legal experts helps avoid acting on outdated information.
  • Documentation Gaps: Many applications get delayed or rejected due to incomplete or inadequate documentation. Missing pieces like a detailed AML policy, certified copies of passports, or evidence of funds origin can halt the process. Another pitfall is underestimating the detail needed in the business plan or compliance frameworks. For instance, VARA and SCA will ask very specific questions about how your platform works, how you will
    onboard customers, etc. Providing superficial answers can lead to additional queries or denial. It’s best to over-prepare documentation with professional help.
  • Meeting Capital and Expense Requirements: Some entrepreneurs overlook the cost aspect. Licensing fees can be high (SCA fees can run in the hundreds of thousands of dirhams, almost 10 times higher than a VARA license in some cases). Beyond fees, you need to show capital and often lock significant funds as paid-up capital. Ensuring you have the financial resources is key – undercapitalization is a common reason businesses struggle to meet final license conditions.
  • Banking and Operational Setup: Ironically, even after getting a license, crypto companies worldwide face banking challenges, and UAE is no exception. Some local banks have been cautious with crypto businesses. It’s important to plan early how you will handle fiat banking – sometimes working with exchange-friendly banks or payment institutions is necessary. Opening a corporate bank account can take time; some entrepreneurs start that process in parallel with licensing.
  • Technical Compliance Pitfalls: If you’re launching an exchange or a trading platform, the tech side can be scrutinized. Weaknesses in cybersecurity or not having an independent audit of your smart contracts (for DeFi projects) could be an issue. Ensure your tech team is ready to answer regulators’ questions about system resilience, data security, and so on.
  • Time and Patience: Entrepreneurs sometimes assume Dubai’s famously fast business setup applies equally to crypto licenses. In reality, crypto licensing is more intensive and can take several months, not days. Impatience is a pitfall – trying to rush regulators or launching the business prematurely (e.g., starting to take on customers before the license is granted) can lead to compliance breaches. It’s important to budget time for each stage and perhaps negotiate with investors on timeline expectations accordingly.
  • Changing Rules and Scope: The scope of allowed activities might change during the process. For example, VARA introduced a rule in 2023 that VASPs cannot operate or advertise in Dubai without VARA’s license, even if licensed elsewhere, causing some companies to adjust plans. Always be ready to adapt business plans to new regulations. A common pitfall is not planning for regulatory contingencies – successful companies often have Plan B for alternate jurisdictions if needed.
  • Cost of Compliance: After licensing, maintaining compliance (annual audits, hiring compliance officers, ongoing fees) is an ongoing challenge. Some firms fail to factor in these ongoing obligations in their budget and strategy, which
    can threaten their sustainability. A proactive approach – perhaps outsourcing some compliance functions – can help manage this.



Despite these challenges, many companies have successfully obtained UAE crypto licenses – learning from their experiences can be invaluable. Engaging a legal advisory like Hoot Innovation Hub early on helps anticipate these pitfalls. We assist clients in compiling thorough documentation, liaising with regulators to clarify requirements, and planning for operational hurdles (like banking). With the right guidance, the process becomes far more manageable, letting you focus on building your crypto venture.

 

How Can Hoot Innovation Hub Assist with Obtaining the License?

Obtaining a crypto license in the UAE is a high-stakes process – getting it wrong can cost time and money. Hoot Innovation Hub (Hoot Legal) is here to ensure you get it right. Our team offers end-to-end legal and consultancy support for crypto businesses:

 

  • Expert Guidance Through Regulations: We are thought leaders in the cryptocurrency legal space, staying on top of SCA and VARA rule updates. Hoot can explain the nuanced differences between VARA, SCA, ADGM’s FSRA, and DIFC’s DFSA regulations and advise which best fits your business model. For example, if you’re unsure whether to go for a VARA license in Dubai or an ADGM license, our experts will outline the compliance obligations and benefits of each, helping you make an informed decision.
  • License Application & Documentation: Hoot specializes in guiding firms through licensing requirements to operate virtual asset exchanges or custodial services. We assist in preparing all required documents – from drafting a compliant business plan and AML/KYC policy to filling out application forms. Our team will review your documentation the way a regulator would, identifying any weaknesses before submission. This
    dramatically improves the chance of first-time approval. We also liaise with the regulators on your behalf, responding to their queries in clear, prompt fashion.
  • Compliance Setup: Because regulatory compliance is not just about getting the license but also keeping it, Hoot helps you establish robust internal controls. We help draft smart contracts and governance policies to ensure your DeFi project’s legal enforceability. We set up AML/KYC frameworks and train your staff on these procedures. Essentially, we make sure that by
    the time you’re licensed, you also have the compliance infrastructure to satisfy ongoing obligations effortlessly.
  • Local Incorporation and Banking: As a Dubai-based firm, we can handle the company formation in free zones or mainland, working with authorities to get your trade license, visas, and office setup done alongside the crypto license process. Our network includes contacts with banks and payment
    processors that are crypto-friendly, which can help solve the banking challenge.
  • Avoiding Pitfalls: Having guided multiple crypto companies, Hoot will warn you of common pitfalls – whether it’s a detail missing in your VARA application or a higher capital requirement for an SCA license than anticipated – before you encounter them. Our goal is to save you from costly mistakes or delays by proactively addressing issues. As an example, if a client’s chosen list of crypto assets might not be approved by SCA, we’ll know in advance and adjust the strategy (perhaps phasing certain offerings).
  • Accelerating Time-to-Market: With Hoot’s assistance, the overall timeline to obtain your crypto license can be shortened. We can often secure meetings with regulatory officials to clarify doubts, ensure your application is complete, and fast-track certain steps when possible thanks to our familiarity with the process. Every week saved in licensing is a week sooner you can operate in the market – a critical advantage in the fast-moving crypto industry.
  • Strong Legal Support and Representation: If there are any challenges or appeals needed (for instance, if a license application is initially rejected or needs modification), Hoot provides legal representation to engage with the authorities constructively. We are your long-term legal partner in the UAE, even after obtaining the license – for any regulatory updates, compliance audits, or new approvals (like adding a new token or service to your license), we continue to support you.



Hoot Innovation Hub is based in Dubai’s DIFC and deeply familiar with UAE financial regulators. Our multi-disciplinary team combines blockchain savvy with legal expertise.

 

We pride ourselves on aligning innovative crypto projects with UAE’s regulatory requirements so that innovation and compliance go hand in hand.

 

If you’re looking to get a crypto license in the UAE – whether it’s navigating VARA’s processes in Dubai or securing SCA approval for the wider UAE – contact Hoot Innovation Hub today. Let our experts cut through the complexity and fast-track your journey to becoming a fully licensed crypto enterprise in the UAE. 

 

Get in touch with Hoot Legal for a consultation and take the first step toward launching your crypto business in one of the world’s most dynamic crypto- friendly jurisdictions. Your success in the UAE’s thriving crypto market starts with the right license – and we’re here to make it happen.

Comparative Guide

VARA Crypto License in Dubai vs. Other UAE Crypto Licensing Options

Dubai’s Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (VARA) has garnered global attention as a pioneering crypto regulator. But how does a VARA license in Dubai compare to other crypto licensing regimes in the UAE, such as the federal SCA license or the frameworks in Abu Dhabi’s ADGM and other free zones? In this comparative guide, presented in Q&A format, we’ll explore the differences between VARA’s crypto license in Dubai and other UAE options. We’ll cover what VARA is and oversees, how VARA’s rules stack up against SCA regulations, the distinctions of ADGM and DIFC regimes, free zone licenses like DMCC, the pros and cons of each route, and guidance on choosing the best option for your business – with expert help from Hoot Innovation Hub.

Who is VARA and What Does It Regulate in Dubai?

VARA (Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority) is Dubai’s specialist regulator for cryptocurrency and virtual assets. Established under Dubai Law No. 4 of 2022, VARA is the world’s first dedicated regulator for virtual assets, highlighting Dubai’s commitment to becoming a global crypto hub. VARA’s mandate is to regulate, license, and oversee virtual asset service providers (VASPs) in the Emirate of Dubai. This includes crypto exchanges, brokers, custodians, and all manner of crypto-related businesses operating in Dubai’s mainland or its free zones (except DIFC).

 

Key points about VARA’s scope in Dubai:

 

  • VARA’s jurisdiction covers the Emirate of Dubai outside of the DIFC. That means any crypto business targeting customers in Dubai or based in Dubai (including free zones like DMCC, TECOM, etc.) must go through VARA’s licensing. Notably, even the free zones in Dubai are under VARA for crypto regulation (the only exception is DIFC, which has its own regulator, the
    DFSA).
  • VARA implements Dubai’s Virtual Assets Regulation, often referred to as the Dubai Virtual Assets Law, which defines various categories of virtual asset activities. In early 2023, VARA released detailed rulebooks (such as the Full Market Product (FMP) regulations) covering licensing requirements, prudential rules, technology risk, compliance, and marketing for VASPs.
  • To operate in Dubai, a VASP must secure a VARA license. VARA has a multi-stage licensing process: applicants typically register interest, apply for a provisional permit (for initial development), then for a MVP (Minimum Viable Product) license, and finally an FMP license to fully operate. This phased approach allowed VARA to onboard big exchanges under strict conditions initially. For instance, since July 2023, VARA has been formally licensing Dubai-based virtual asset firms as the initial MVP phase concluded.
  • Activities regulated by VARA include: crypto exchange services, transfer services, custody and storage, brokerage, lending/borrowing, payments related to virtual assets, and even crypto issuance and token launch
    platforms. Any advertising of such services in Dubai also falls under VARA’s oversight – ensuring promotions are not misleading.
  • VARA works in coordination with UAE’s federal authorities. Dubai’s approach is unique because VARA focuses on Dubai, but the SCA remains the federal regulator. A cooperation agreement in 2024 between SCA and VARA paved the way for integrated supervision (so a VARA-licensed firm can be recognized federally). Essentially, VARA handles day-to-day regulation in Dubai, and SCA provides an oversight layer for the UAE as a whole under Cabinet Decision 111.

 

 

In summary, VARA is the go-to regulator if you want to launch a crypto business in Dubai. It provides a clear path for licensing in Dubai’s jurisdiction, and its creation has been a game-changer for the region’s crypto ecosystem, attracting major crypto companies to Dubai with the promise of a well-defined regulatory environment.

How Does a VARA License in Dubai Compare to the SCA’s Crypto Regulations?

The Securities and Commodities Authority (SCA) is the UAE’s federal regulator for securities and commodities (including crypto assets nationally). With the introduction of federal virtual asset regulations (Cabinet Decision 111 and 112 of 2022), the SCA now licenses VASPs across the UAE outside financial free zones. This sets up an interesting relationship between VARA and SCA:

 

    • Jurisdiction and Dual Licensing: In Dubai, crypto businesses actually need both VARA and SCA approval. VARA is the primary regulator in Dubai, but the SCA has made it clear that “all VASPs in Dubai… would also need to obtain the SCA’s approval prior to commencing full operations”. This initially caused confusion, but a mechanism is now in place: once VARA grants a Dubai license, the SCA will fast-track a federal approval for that VASP. This dual licensing ensures that a Dubai-based crypto firm can operate across the UAE (except the financial free zones) without separate SCA licensing, thanks to the passporting agreement. For a VASP outside Dubai (say in Sharjah or Ras Al Khaimah), only SCA licensing is needed since VARA doesn’t apply there.

    • Regulatory Approach: The SCA’s regulations are considered broader and in some respects more stringent than VARA’s initial regime. SCA covers all
      virtual assets not regulated by the Central Bank (except those in free zones). It has detailed guidelines on everything from token listing to market conduct. VARA, while comprehensive, is focused on building Dubai as a hub and has been pragmatic with phased implementation. An example of regulatory difference: VARA does not maintain a list of approved tokens,
      whereas SCA will only allow licensed trading of tokens it has approved and listed.

    • Cost and Capital Requirements: One stark difference is the cost of licensing. The SCA’s licensing fees and capital requirements are significantly higher in many cases than VARA’s. A comparison noted that an SCA license could cost nearly ten times more than a VARA license for similar
      activities. For example, SCA requires a hefty AED 30 million capital for a dealer broker (prop trading) and AED 2 million for a broker, whereas VARA might require around AED 600k for a broker-dealer (and even less if certain conditions are met). This makes VARA’s regime more accessible for startups and is one reason many crypto firms favor setting up in Dubai vs. other emirates.

    • Supervision and Enforcement: Both VARA and SCA are ramping up enforcement. VARA has actively taken action against unlicensed
      operators in Dubai, issuing cease-and-desist notices and fines to entities operating illegally. The SCA likewise can impose penalties across the UAE. The alignment between them (post-2024 agreement) means a bad actor in Dubai could face action from both. However, VARA being on the ground in Dubai means more immediate oversight in that emirate, whereas SCA oversees a wider territory.

    • Scope of Activities: The SCA’s regulations explicitly cover a wide range of crypto asset activities including issuance, exchange, custody, and even crypto fundraising (ICOs/ITOs), bringing them under regulatory net. VARA similarly covers these, but SCA also integrates crypto assets that are deemed securities into existing securities regulations. Practically, if a token is considered a security, SCA will apply stricter securities rules to it (prospectus, disclosures, etc.), whereas VARA might treat most tokens under its own virtual asset framework unless it clearly falls under Dubai’s securities law (which is rare since DIFC covers securities in Dubai).

    • Overlap and Clarity: Post cooperation, the VARA vs SCA question is less “either/or” and more “both” for Dubai. The 2024 MoU ensures they set forth unified procedures for licensing. So a company with a VARA license in Dubai is effectively covered federally via SCA. But a company licensed by SCA outside Dubai cannot operate in Dubai without going through VARA. Thus, Dubai is a special case due to VARA, while the rest of UAE (and in free zones like ADGM/DIFC which have their own regulators) is under the respective regimes.

 

 

Bottom line: A VARA license is Dubai-focused and entrepreneur-friendly in terms of cost, whereas an SCA license is nationwide but comes with heavier requirements and costs. Most Dubai crypto firms will end up with a VARA license and a parallel SCA approval (as a formality). Firms outside Dubai rely solely on SCA (unless in

ADGM/DIFC). The choice often comes down to where you want to base your operations – if Dubai, VARA leads the way; if elsewhere in UAE, SCA is your route (which Hoot can help navigate).

What’s the Difference Between a VARA License and an ADGM Crypto License?

ADGM (Abu Dhabi Global Market) offers a very robust crypto regulatory environment, but it’s a completely separate ecosystem from VARA/Dubai. Here’s how a license in ADGM’s FSRA differs from VARA:



  • Regulatory Authority: In ADGM, the regulator is the FSRA (Financial Services Regulatory Authority). ADGM is a financial free zone with its own laws based on English common law. The FSRA was one of the first
    regulators in the world to create a dedicated framework for digital assets back in 2018. By contrast, VARA was established in 2022 – making ADGM’s regime more “mature” in time.
  • License Scope: An ADGM crypto license (FSP for virtual assets) allows a company to operate within ADGM’s jurisdiction. Typical authorizations include: operating a crypto exchange (Multilateral Trading Facility), providing custody, acting as a broker-dealer or advisor in crypto assets. ADGM’s framework covers both utility tokens and certain security tokens, integrating with its financial markets regime. If your business is institutional- focused, e.g., serving banks or large investors, an ADGM license may provide the credibility and regulatory clarity needed.
  • Geographical Reach: With ADGM, your office and operations are on Al Maryah Island in Abu Dhabi. If you want to do business elsewhere in the UAE, you’d likely need additional approvals (SCA would consider ADGM licensed firms for broader UAE on a case-by-case basis, but generally ADGM firms stick to ADGM clients or international ones). VARA, on the other hand, positions you in Dubai, which is a larger market for retail crypto in the region.
  • Regulatory Philosophy: ADGM’s FSRA approach is often described as institutional-grade. It has comprehensive rules on risk, and it was the first to require things like market abuse controls and surveillance on crypto exchanges. ADGM also specifically addressed DeFi and stablecoins early – requiring stablecoin issuers to have reserves and treating them akin to stored value facilities. VARA, while strict, is seen as slightly more flexible in certain areas as it’s tailoring a new global hub – for example, VARA’s rulebooks in 2023 have provisions for compliance but have yet to be fully tested with large- scale retail trading since many big exchanges are just launching under VARA’s FMP.
  • Capital and Costs: ADGM licensing can be costly – FSRA application fees can run from USD 20k up to 125k+ depending on the activity. ADGM also typically expects higher capital (for an exchange, capital might be in the
    millions of dollars depending on scale). VARA’s fees are relatively lower (e.g., roughly AED 40k – 100k for initial license depending on activity, which is about USD 11k–27k). However, ADGM’s fees are comparable to DIFC’s and reflect the international financial center standards.
  • Target Market & Use Case: VARA license is often chosen by companies with a retail focus or those who want to leverage Dubai’s brand and ecosystem (crypto events, proximity to developers, etc.). ADGM licenses are often pursued by more institutional or finance-driven projects – e.g., a digital asset custodian serving banks, or a crypto fund management company, or a large international exchange that wants an additional regulated arm. ADGM’s ecosystem (with entities like Mubadala, international banks in ADGM) might be advantageous for certain B2B crypto ventures.
  • Free Zone Benefits: ADGM is a free zone, so like DIFC, it offers 100% foreign ownership, zero tax (currently) and the comfort of common law courts (which international investors appreciate). Dubai’s VARA license could be in a free zone (like DWTC or DMCC under VARA’s umbrella) or in mainland – either way Dubai offers similar tax benefits (0% corporate tax on offshore transactions until June 2023; from 2023 a 9% corp tax applies on local profits, but financial free zones have exemptions). One unique offering is DIFC’s innovation license, a subsidized scheme to encourage fintech startups, though for crypto you’d still need DFSA approval in DIFC.




In essence, choosing VARA vs ADGM comes down to whether you identify more with Dubai’s dynamic, retail-friendly market or ADGM’s institutional financial hub. Some companies even pursue both: for example, they might run an institutional desk from ADGM and a retail exchange via VARA in Dubai. Hoot Innovation Hub can help you weigh these options based on your business plan.

Do Other Free Zones Like DIFC or DMCC Offer Crypto Licenses?

Yes, apart from VARA (Dubai) and ADGM (Abu Dhabi), there are other licensing regimes in the UAE’s free zones:

 

  • DIFC (Dubai International Financial Centre) – This is Dubai’s financial free zone with its own regulator, the DFSA. DIFC’s “Crypto Token” regime allows firms to deal in certain accepted crypto tokens under a DFSA license. However, DIFC’s approach is more conservative relative to VARA. For instance, retail crypto exchanges were not initially permitted; the DFSA’s framework mostly targets providing services to accredited investors and within the DIFC community. The DFSA has approved some stablecoins and tokens for use (e.g., USDC was approved as a first stablecoin in 2023). So, while DIFC does issue crypto-related licenses (via endorsements to its
    financial service licenses), they are typically for companies that are doing broader financial services including crypto (like wealth management including
    crypto funds, or fintech firms using crypto in limited ways). A pure crypto exchange might find VARA or ADGM more suitable than DIFC due to these limitations.
  • DMCC (Dubai Multi Commodities Centre) – As mentioned earlier, DMCC offers a crypto license for proprietary trading of crypto (essentially a prop trading license where the company trades crypto with its own capital, not running an exchange). DMCC’s Crypto Centre hosts over 500 crypto companies now, ranging from blockchain developers to hedge funds. Under the DMCC-SCA arrangement, businesses in DMCC get a commercial license from DMCC and an approval from SCA. What’s allowed? Primarily buying/selling crypto as principal (not as a broker for others). DMCC also created a license category for NFT marketplaces (since NFTs are treated as intellectual property/commodities, DMCC can license those – VARA also covers certain NFTs now). The pros of DMCC: quick setup, lower cost (approx AED 34k total setup ), and being part of a big crypto startup community. The cons: you can’t run a public exchange or solicit customer funds under that license – you’d need VARA or SCA full license for that. Many use DMCC as a stepping stone or to do ancillary crypto activities.
  • RAK Digital Assets Oasis (RAK DAO) – This is a brand new free zone in Ras Al Khaimah launched in 2023 dedicated to digital and virtual asset companies. RAK DAO is unique in focusing on emerging sectors like the metaverse, NFTs, and even offering a legal structure for DAOs. While it’s in early stages, RAK DAO could offer more flexible, innovation-friendly licenses (e.g., a testbed for blockchain developers). It will operate under Ras Al Khaimah’s free zone authority and coordinate with SCA for any regulated activities. We might see entrepreneurs choosing RAK DAO for blockchain R&D, then getting SCA approval if they expand into regulated services.
  • Other Free Zones: A few other zones like Sharjah Research Technology Park (SRTIP) and IFZA have started to welcome crypto-related businesses by issuing consulting or IT licenses, but if the activity falls under regulated “virtual asset services,” SCA approval is still needed. Abu Dhabi’s MASDAR City and twofour54 (media free zone) have seen some blockchain companies too. These zones don’t have special crypto frameworks like VARA/ADGM, but they cooperate with SCA when needed.

 

In short, the main “crypto license” options boil down to: VARA (Dubai), SCA (rest of UAE), ADGM FSRA, DIFC DFSA, and DMCC (with SCA oversight). Others exist but are either subsets of SCA’s regime or for very niche purposes. This comparative landscape sometimes feels like an “alphabet soup” of regulators, but it also means UAE provides choices. Each free zone option comes with its regulatory partner:

 

  • If you want a highly reputed financial center: choose DIFC or ADGM
    (DFSA or FSRA license).
  • If you want the buzz of Dubai’s crypto scene and retail market: choose
    VARA (or DMCC with VARA/SCA if doing limited activities).
  • If you want a quick setup for a smaller scope: DMCC’s crypto license is attractive.
  • If you are focusing on new frontiers (like metaverse, Web3): consider RAK Digital Assets Oasis.

 

What Are the Pros and Cons of VARA vs. Other UAE Licensing Regimes?

Let’s break down the advantages and disadvantages of each major licensing option:

 

VARA (Dubai) – Pros:

 

    • Access to Dubai’s large market and vibrant crypto community.
    • Clear, crypto-specific regulations with a supportive government stance. VARA is business-friendly and cost-effective, with capital requirements lower than SCA’s.
    • Quick adoption of new concepts – Dubai is often first to pilot crypto innovations (e.g., VARA exploring metaverse presence, NFT policies).
  • Global credibility from being in Dubai, a fintech hub, which can help in marketing and partnerships.
  • English and Arabic speaking regulatory staff, easy communication.


VARA – Cons:

 

  • Limited to Dubai: you still need SCA sign-off for broader UAE which adds a layer (though streamlined, it’s another step).
  • New regulator: processes are still being refined. As one article noted, there was uncertainty in 2023 about the value of a VARA license until SCA clarified its role. Over time this is resolving, but being a relatively new authority means rules can update frequently.
  • Phased approach: VARA initially only gave provisional licenses, which meant some companies had to wait to fully launch services. If you need to operate immediately at full scale, VARA’s phased model might require patience.
  • If your business fits better in a financial free zone environment (with common law courts), VARA (a mainland Dubai law) might be slightly less appealing compared to ADGM/DIFC’s legal system.

 

SCA (Mainland UAE) – Pros:

 

  • Nationwide scope (except Dubai where VARA is involved). With one SCA license, you can, in theory, serve all UAE (and even establish in any emirate).
  • Well-defined, comprehensive rulebook covering all aspects of crypto operations. SCA regulations align closely with international standards and thus give confidence to investors and banks.
  • Post-2024 cooperation, an SCA license should harmonize with VARA – possibly making it a one-stop license if VARA recognizes it (though currently Dubai wants VARA involvement).
  • The SCA is an experienced regulator (est. 2000) and has more resources in terms of staffing and enforcement across UAE.

 

SCA – Cons:

  • High barriers to entry (capital, fees, stringent vetting). As highlighted, costs can be up to 10x VARA’s, which can price out startups.
  • Slower process – being a federal authority, SCA can be slower in processing applications than VARA or free zones that cater to startups.
  • Less specialization – SCA regulates all sorts of securities and commodities, so you might not get the tailored guidance that a crypto-only regulator like VARA provides.
  • If you’re primarily in Dubai, you’d still need VARA, so an SCA license alone won’t let you freely operate in Dubai’s lucrative market.

 

ADGM/FSRA – Pros:

  • Strong reputation globally (ADGM is known for high regulatory standards). An ADGM license is respected by traditional financial institutions.
  • Institutional ecosystem – good if you want to work with banks, large investment firms, or even government funds.
  • Clear framework established since 2018 – many ambiguities have been ironed out through practice.
  • Common law jurisdiction with independent courts – gives comfort around arbitration, dispute resolution, investment protections.

 

ADGM – Cons:

  • Geographic limitation to ADGM (Abu Dhabi). Dubai or global retail players might not be as drawn to use an exchange based only in ADGM, unless it’s offering something unique.

  • Costs and capital are high (suitable for well-funded ventures).

  • The marketing reach – Dubai tends to overshadow Abu Dhabi in terms of tech scene buzz and events, so ADGM-licensed startups might need to work harder on visibility unless they specifically target a different segment.

 

DIFC/DFSA – Pros:

  • Prestigious financial center with many fintech investors around.
  • If your business includes both traditional finance and crypto (say a brokerage that does stocks and crypto), DFSA allows integration under one umbrella license.
  • Innovation Testing License possibilities – DIFC has innovation testing licenses (ITL) which could potentially allow testing a crypto product under supervision without full license, though for retail that’s limited.

  • DIFC – Cons:

 

  • DFSA’s list of permitted tokens is small – limits what you can do (e.g., DeFi tokens might not be allowed).

  • Retail limitations: DFSA is cautious about retail crypto, so it’s not ideal if you plan mass-market services.

  • Need to set up in DIFC which has higher operating costs (premium office rent, etc.) compared to other zones.

 

DMCC (with SCA oversight) – Pros:

 

  • Very quick and cost-effective to set up. Great for startups to get a foot in the door of the UAE crypto scene.

  • The DMCC Crypto Centre community offers networking with hundreds of other crypto entrepreneurs.

  • You get the benefit of an SCA-related approval without going through the full SCA process (DMCC acts as facilitator with SCA).

  • Flexibility to easily add other business activities (DMCC is multi-industry, so you can combine crypto trading with, say, tech consulting, under one license).

 

DMCC – Cons:

 

  • Limited license scope (proprietary trading only; not customer-facing brokerage).

  • If you grow and want to offer exchange services, you’ll have to upgrade to VARA or another license later – which means a second licensing process.

Still requires compliance – even prop traders in DMCC must follow AML rules etc., so one cannot assume it’s a “light” license in terms of responsibility. SCA will still supervise those firms via DMCC.

 

In summary, VARA vs others boils down to Dubai vs elsewhere, and startup- friendly vs institutional-grade. VARA is often best for exchange platforms, fintech apps, and any company that wants to leverage Dubai’s crypto-forward policies.

Many companies actually use a combination strategy: e.g., establish in DMCC to start development and market research, then apply for VARA for full exchange operation. Or get a VARA license for retail business and an ADGM license for an institutional arm. Hoot Innovation Hub can help craft such strategies, ensuring compliance in each jurisdiction while optimizing benefits.

ADGM is best for institutional services and bigger players valuing Abu Dhabi’s ecosystem. DIFC is suitable if crypto is part of a broader financial services play. Free zones like DMCC are great incubators or for niche activities like NFTs.

 

 

  •  

 

Which Crypto License Option is Best for My Business?

There is no one-size-fits-all answer – the best license depends on your business’s specific needs:

 

Ask yourself a few questions:

 

  • Where are your customers? If you anticipate most clients in Dubai, a VARA license is almost mandatory. If targeting Abu Dhabi’s financial institutions, ADGM might be better. For regional/global service without a physical presence need, VARA or ADGM could both work, but Dubai’s brand might attract more users if consumer-facing.
  • What activities will you perform? If you want to run an exchange or trading platform open to the public, VARA or SCA license will be required (depending on location). If you are managing an investment fund or providing advisory to institutions, FSRA (ADGM) or DFSA (DIFC) could suffice and even be more credible to those clients. For just developing blockchain software or proprietary trading, DMCC could be a simpler start.
  • What’s your budget and stage? Startups with limited capital may find the VARA route or DMCC route more feasible than SCA or ADGM which require deep pockets initially. VARA also offers a sandbox (Innovation Test License) potentially, which might let a young company test ideas. Established companies or those backed by significant investment might go straight for ADGM or a full VARA+SCA dual license.
  • Do you need a quick market entry? If speed is a priority, VARA has been relatively quick in granting initial approvals to big names, but smaller firms might still take months. DMCC can get you a company and a basic license within weeks, albeit with limitations. SCA’s direct licensing could take the longest. So, to hit the ground running, some choose DMCC as interim while VARA is in process.
  • Are you focusing on a niche? For example, if your project is about NFTs or metaverse tokens – Dubai VARA explicitly covers NFTs now (requiring registration for NFT marketplaces), and DMCC also recognizes NFTs. SCA’s framework is more about crypto assets (fungible); it doesn’t regulate pure
    NFTs as securities. So creative or NFT-centric ventures might lean to Dubai’s offerings. If it’s about security tokens or tokenized securities, ADGM or DIFC have specific regimes for those (e.g., investment tokens under FSRA, or security tokens under DFSA) separate from VARA’s scope.

 

In many cases, businesses consult with experts (like Hoot) to make this decision. We may advise a phased approach: start in one jurisdiction, then expand. The UAE regulators themselves are working on “passporting” so that eventually one license might allow operation across the UAE. Until that fully materializes, picking the right starting point is crucial.

 

How Can Hoot Innovation Hub Help You Choose and Obtain the Best License?

Choosing the optimal license in the UAE’s mosaic of regulators can be challenging. Hoot Innovation Hub (Hoot Legal) provides seasoned guidance to help your business make the right choice and navigate the entire licensing process:

  • Strategic Assessment: Our team will evaluate your business model, target market, and growth plan to recommend the jurisdiction that best aligns with your goals. We’ve helped clients compare VARA vs ADGM vs DIFC firsthand, so we can provide inside perspective beyond just the rulebooks. For instance, if your priority is cost-efficiency and quick setup, we might steer you towards a DMCC plus VARA strategy. If it’s credibility with institutional investors, we’d discuss ADGM or DIFC. This tailored advice ensures you don’t waste time pursuing a license that’s not a fit.
  • Regulatory Clarity: Hoot’s experts will explain the nuances of each regulatory regime in plain language – cutting through the legal jargon. We’ll tell you upfront the compliance burden to expect in each case (e.g., “SCA will require X, Y, Z monthly reports, while VARA will focus on A, B, C”). With clarity on what each option entails, you can make an informed decision.
  • End-to-End Licensing Support: Once the direction is set, Hoot will handle
    the application process from start to finish. Our services include preparing application forms for VARA or SCA, drafting necessary legal opinions or letters, compiling shareholder due diligence packages, and liaising with the likes of ADGM’s admissions office or VARA’s application team. Essentially, we act as your representative, which is invaluable if you are overseas – we’ll be on the ground in the UAE following up with authorities.
  • Local Partner Network: If your chosen path requires collaboration (say you need a UAE national sponsor for a mainland company, or a particular free zone agent), Hoot has a network of partners. We can facilitate introductions to free zone officials, banking contacts, auditors and even potential strategic partners in the UAE crypto scene. This holistic support increases your chances of not just getting a license, but thriving thereafter.
  • Compliance Setup and Training: Hoot ensures that whichever license you go for, you are prepared to meet ongoing obligations. We assist in setting up compliance programs tailored to SCA, VARA, FSRA, or DFSA rules as needed. For example, if you choose VARA, we’ll help you align with VARA’s rulebook (on avoidance of market abuse, consumer protection, etc.). If ADGM, we ensure you meet FSRA’s detailed Prudential – Investment, Insurance Intermediation and Banking rules (PIIB). Our job is to not only get you licensed but keep you compliant and in good standing after.
  • Legal Counsel Across Jurisdictions: Uniquely, Hoot Legal’s expertise spans all these regulators. If you later decide to expand from one
    jurisdiction to another (e.g., a VARA-licensed company wants an ADGM license too), we already know your business and can seamlessly manage the multi-license scenario. We also advise on cross-border issues, such as how to legally on-board international customers under your UAE license, or how to structure entities if you need separate ones for VARA and SCA, etc.
  • Problem Resolution: Sometimes, applicants hit roadblocks – maybe a particular token you want to list is not approved by SCA, or VARA asks for additional guarantees. Hoot excels at problem-solving in front of regulators, often by negotiating or offering solutions that satisfy regulatory concerns. Our goal is to get that “Yes” for you. In cases where an initial application might be denied, we can handle appeals or find alternative licensing routes (for example, moving the application to ADGM if SCA path proves unfeasible, or vice versa).

In essence, Hoot Innovation Hub becomes your dedicated legal partner in establishing a crypto business in the UAE. We stay by your side through choosing the license, securing it, and beyond. With the UAE’s regulatory environment continuously being refined, having experts who stay updated on every new rule and how it impacts your business is priceless.

 

 If you’re considering a VARA license in Dubai or exploring other crypto licensing options in the UAE, reach out to Hoot Innovation Hub for a consultation. Our team will happily discuss your vision and outline a plan to make it a reality within the UAE’s regulatory frameworks. With Hoot’s support, you can confidently navigate VARA, SCA, ADGM, and more – turning the UAE’s diverse licensing landscape into an advantage for your crypto venture. Contact Hoot Legal today to kickstart your UAE crypto licensing journey, and let us help you choose and obtain the ideal license for long-term success in this thriving market.

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